Moi et al. An overeagerness and an urge to problem-solve can get in the way of a good interview, where one needs to sit back and quietly encourage the participant to continue and open up about a past experience. I find that having the research question written on a piece of paper in front of me and glancing at it occasionally during the interview to make sure the data collected is relevant helps me to keep on track. Phenomenology is a philosophy, an approach, and a method. This was done through 20 open, in-depth interviews during 2005-2006, on average Sandelowski, M. (1995) Qualitative research: what it is and how to begin. Jasper (1994) said the question of generalisability (being able to apply the research to other settings) is inappropriate in phenomenology because the aim is not to produce a theory of general application. For example, in Field’s (1981) phenomenological study focusing on the nurses’ experience of giving an injection he identified the ‘phenomenon particular’ (the injection) as well as ‘phenomenon perceived’ (the lived experience of giving an injection). AIM: To provide an overview of important methodological considerations that nurse researchers need to adhere to when choosing phenomenology as a guiding philosophy and research method. In my research, interviewing skills improved over time and with the aid of reflection and the use of a research diary (a journal in which to note my own thoughts). As Colaizzi (1978) put it: ‘The researcher must realise that his participant is more than merely a source of data… he must listen with the totality of his being and the entirety of his personality.’. Qualitative research methodologies focus on meaning and although use similar methods have differing epistemological and ontological underpinnings, with each approach offering a different lens to explore, interpret or explain phenomena in real-world contexts and settings. Phenomenology supports the re-examination of a taken-for-granted experience and, through examining the qualities of the experience, allows us to identify its essence. While not ideal, it may be necessary to ask participants to speak up. However, this is not necessarily the case. However, if researchers provide sufficient detail about the study setting, participants and process, not only can the research be audited but it may also mean it can be repeated in other settings. I would certainly support this as valuable practice and worth the time. It can be rather time-consuming and stressful. Phenomenology is a form of qualitative research that focuses on the study of an individual’s lived experiences within the world. Nurses are taught to respect individuals, listen to them and believe them. (2003) Qualitative Research in Nursing: Advancing the Human Imperative. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Recommended Citation Zeeck, Kirk A., "A Phenomenological Study of the Lived Experiences of Elementary Principals Involved in Dual-Career Relationships with Children" (2012). This article reviews some of the debates about the relative merits of qualitative research and gives some examples of phenomenological enquiry in nursing. Nurse Researcher. Each of these a-Phenomenological studies. This is an introduction to the major themes and the method of phenomenology, and to some of the ways in which nurses might use the phenomenological approach in efforts to develop nursing knowledge. Some of the ways these philosophies helped contribute to the nursing profession were through the promotion and utilization of multiple methods for the development of scientific understanding and incorporation of different techniques to improve overall understanding of humanistic idiosyncrasies. For example, one could write about the combination of objective reality and individual experiences. In some types of research this is referred to as member checking, although the term is not always associated with phenomenology. 2 Nursing Research Using Phenomenological Designs. Due to the nature of its theoretical teachings, phenomenology has become an important philosophical worldview in the nursing profession. 1 Phenomenological Philosophy and Research. While the unstructured interview may be the gold standard in phenomenological research, nurses should not be surprised if the ethics committee insists on the presentation of an interview schedule as part of the application. Whatever equipment the use, researchers should try to make the recording process as unobtrusive as possible. In: Valle, R., King, M. (eds) Existential PhenomenologicalAlternatives for Psychology. Novice researchers should seek guidance and support but should not be deterred by the language or complexity of phenomenology or by the process of interviewing and transcription. In a similar vein, it is possible to conduct a wonderful interview but then find it did not cover the points the researcher wanted it to, but strayed somewhere and was not pulled back into focus. How do you write expressions such as ‘erm’, ‘huh’ and various others – or do you bother to write them at all? Heidegger, M. (1962) Being and Time. The problem certainly has significance for nursing because the life expectancy and number of resident will increase in next 20 years. They believe instead that we use our own experiences to interpret those of others. On the other hand, those conducting interpretative phenomenological research will need to show how their own experiences have shaped the choice of research topic, the questions and their interpretations. They may even write down in an appendix to the work what they expect to uncover. Sandelowski, M. (1994) The use of quotes in qualitative research. Phenomenology not only requires nursing researchers to understand it as a philosophy but also as a phenomenon tied to human consciousness in the form of lived experiences. Because the science of nursing is concerned with treating individuals holistically, many nurses recognize the significance of individuals’ experiences and support them in exercising control over their health and well-being. Research in Nursing and Health; 17: 479–82. In theory, researchers can be extremely selective about what they choose to quote and the omission of certain sections of transcript can alter participants’ meaning. It also offers practical advice on how to carry out a good interview, how and what to transcribe and how to use quotes to support research. The essay will focus on models that will enhance a successful research. In phenomenology these are presented, often in relatively extended quotes, to illustrate the themes. The transcript therefore becomes the vehicle through which we share or borrow that experience through a description of it. The fundamental goal of the approach is to arrive at a description of the nature of the particular phenomenon (Creswell, 2013). b-Measures identified by nurses. 5-Nursing Profession. Latest posts by Jonathan V. Llamas, DNP, RN-BC, PMHNP-BC, PHN, Sign up now to get your free digital subscription to, Jonathan V. Llamas, DNP, RN-BC, PMHNP-BC, PHN, How to Protect your Mental Health Amidst the Coronavirus Pandemic, 6 Successful Interview Tips That Every New Grad Nurse Practitioner Needs to Know, The Art of De-escalation in Managing Aggressive Patients and Emotional Reactivity. Individual interviews were carried out for this study. method of study does not dismiss the elements that are generally not related to the fact or are not taken into account from the beginning because they are considered wrong They can also relate to the methods used to obtain data. The use of group descriptive phenomenology within a mixed methods study to understand the experience of music therapy for women with breast cancer. Nursing research develops knowledge about health and promotion of health over the full lifespan, care of person with health problems and disabilities to respond effectively to actual or potential health problems. Nursing is concerned with understanding people, being perceptive and sympathising with them. As registered healthcare professionals, nurses have a responsibility to act with integrity (NMC, 2008) and this should extend to their research activity. 5-Nursing Profession. Marlene Z. Cohen and Barbara Swore Fletcher. Husserl, E. (1963) Ideas: a General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology. To understand what we mean by a phenomenological interview, it is useful to break down the question and first understand the nature of an interview as such. Implications for research/practice: This paper adds to the discussion of phenomenology as a guiding philosophy for nursing research. Importance of the Research Baptist Health South Florida: The best place to be your best Each 40-minute interview can take up to three hours to write up, not including re-reading it and ensuring accuracy. However, phenomenological research is not so straightforward and one must firstly decide which of two main approaches are to be used. Nursing studies have for decades drawn on the philosophical tradition of phenomenology when developing their own methodology and theoretical foundation. Bracketing involves putting aside what the researcher already knows about the experience being investigated and approaching the data with no preconceptions about the phenomenon (Dowling, 2004; Lopez and Willis, 2004). Always conduct a sound check before starting to record and, although it sounds obvious, ensure the tape-recorder is switched on. It is more acceptable to conduct the interview in a neutral location where participants are relaxed, or in a location familiar to them. While this is being debated, I do not suggest that nurses invent their own phenomenology, especially if the research is for an academic award. (2008) undertook a qualitative, longitudinal, phenomenological research study to gain an understanding of the lived experience of a burn victim. In this regard, the following terms are defined next:qualitative, exploratory, descriptive , contextual nature, transcultural nursing research and epistemology. Occasionally laughter was indicated to allow the transcript to better reflect the spirit of the interview. The initial question in this type of research tends to be open, for example: ‘Can you describe what it is like…’ or: ‘Tell me about….’ From this opening, we hope sufficient information will come forward that allows the interview to proceed smoothly from topic to topic while we, as interviewers, have a limited role in guiding responses. The research sub questions were: (a) This realization illustrates the significance of phenomenology as a fundamental field of inquiry in the nursing profession and the scientific community at large. Nurses are taught to be good listeners, to empathise and to create rapport, often in a short period of time. Crotty, M. (1996) Phenomenology and Nursing Research. Therefore, by having a deeper understanding of phenomenological philosophy, nurses are not only able to make important clinical decisions but also innovative and progressive approaches vital to improving patient care processes in the clinical health care sector and beyond. Using this research as an example, we will discuss the problems in bracketing after initiating a phenomenological study and the proposed strategies that we have These include the interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) movement which has helped in emphasizing Heidegger’s discussions on interpretation within the context of phenomenology as an interpretive endeavor. Byrne, M. (2001) Hermeneutics as a methodology for textual analysis. The process of transcription may sound straightforward but it is rarely that simple. The Phenomenologists focus on describing what all participants have in common as they experience any phenomenon (e.g., grief is universally experienced). Listening to my transcripts, it often sounds like I have asked several questions all together, when in fact the first question elicited a non-verbal query and therefore I asked a second question to clarify. Examples of hermeneutic phenomenological research applied to the areas of nursing practice, education, and administration emphasize the important contribution that phenomenological research has made to nursing’s substantive body of knowledge. Domů; Charakteristika; Tématické okruhy; O nás; Kontakt; Galerie; Dokumenty; ČSI web Some authors have considered whether nurses have a particular way of using phenomenology that works for the profession, a ‘nursing phenomenology’ (Annells, 2007; Crotty, 1996). 2 What is a phenomenological interview? Phenomenology: one way to understand nursing practice. Sandelowski (1994) recognised the difficulties inherent in transcription where only certain features of the interaction can be preserved, and alerted us to the potential for misrepresentation. It aims to guide new researchers on important methodological decisions they need to make to safeguard their study's scientific rigour and phenomenological validity. This descriptive phenomenological study describes the lived experiences of seven full How do you show pauses in conversation? The phenomenological approach is increasingly being utilized as the method for nursing research studies because it is comprised of data … The researcher employed a phenomenological research design and methodology to achieve the objectives of this study based on the literature review (see especially section 3.3 above). Consideration also needs to be given to the equipment used for recording. It is generally agreed that the only legitimate source of phenomenological data is the individual who has lived the reality being investigated. It is critical to pick a theme which would be simple-to-research … Author information: (1)College of Nursing, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman. Phenomenology addresses the nuances of everyday experience and shows a more complete picture of the lifeworld of caregivers. New York, NY: Harper and Row. Related: Qualitative Research - Methods, Types, and Examples. Possessed by a reverence for experience, it conforms to nursing's valuing. For UK health professionals only The roundtable discussion and this associated article…, Please remember that the submission of any material is governed by our, EMAP Publishing Limited Company number 7880758 (England & Wales) Registered address: 7th Floor, Vantage London, Great West Road, Brentford, United Kingdom, TW8 9AG, We use cookies to personalize and improve your experience on our site. While nurses can relate to the phenomenological approach because they see it as sharing the values of nursing, this may not be sufficient on its own to start conducting this kind of research. London: Chapman Hall. Taylor B(1). In what ways is the philosophical tradition of phenomenology able to contribute to bioethics? I took no notes during the interview itself as this could have interfered with establishing a good rapport, but used my journal once again to note non-verbal aspects, such as a preoccupation with the tape-recording process, nervousness and other impressions which may not be evident on a later transcript. While nurses can relate to the phenomenological approach because they see it as sharing the values of nursing, this may not be sufficient on its own to start conducting this kind of research. Using examples from my own research experience, this article aims to examine what draws nursing to this method and why nurses think they may be good at it. (1999) The critique of Heideggerian hermeneutic research. Tommie Nelms. These are: Many authors agree that if researchers are not clear which approach they are using from the start so that they collect data to suit that method, the value of that research is significantly reduced (Annells, 2007; Dowling, 2004; Crist and Tanner, 2003). Phenomeno… Nursing Times; 105: 31, early online publication. Therefore, while being faithful to the interview and including all content, even if ungrammatical, expressions indicating participants’ thoughtfulness or hesitation were not included. conducted using a qualitative, phenomenological in-depth interview methodology. 4-Future Research. The information (data) for analysis is collected primarily through interviews, stories or observations with the relevant people who have had that experience, that is, the research participants. Carrying out research should be seen as a learning process and skills will develop over time and with experience. 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London: NMC. The phenomenological research method is a “systematic, explicit, self-critical, and intersubjective study of its subject matter, of lived experience” (van Manen, 1990, p. 11). All these are valuable skills in phenomenology and nurses may feel they are sufficient to allow them to conduct a good interview in this type of research. South Melbourne: Churchill Livingstone. See Box 3 for advice on transcription. Gently guiding the interview back to the topic being investigated may be necessary. Research-informed practice is crucial to ensure best possible decisions are made during care delivery. It is demoralising to try to keep an interview limping along while trying not to look at your watch. Keywords: Phenomenology, Research, Interview, Transcription, Download a print-friendly PDF of this article. Background: Phenomenology is a discipline that investigates people's experiences to reveal what lies 'hidden' in them. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The problem statement is unequivocally and easily located in the first paragraph of the article. Sign in or Register a new account to join the discussion. Theory and Theorizing in Nursing Science: Commentary from the Nursing Research Special Issue Editorial Team Jairath, Nalini N.; Peden-McAlpine, Cynthia J.; Sullivan, Mary C.; More Lopez, K., Willis, D. (2004) Descriptive versus interpretive phenomenology: their contributions to nursing knowledge. Abstract. The central research question was: How do new nursing graduates working on labor and delivery units describe their experiences? I had never appreciated until I carried out this type of research how much personal integrity is required of phenomenological researchers, especially in presenting results. As a research methodology, phenomenology is uniquely positioned to help health professions education (HPE) scholars learn from the experiences of others. 1, viewed 9 September 2012). Due to nursing’s involvement in examining phenomena within a contextual health care framework, phenomenology is not only conducive to the discovery of information but also the development of nursing knowledge essential to the profession. Journal of Advanced Nursing; 31: 6, 1485–1492. It is a good idea to pause and reflect after the first or second interview to ensure enough data will be gathered. If participants can recognise their own experience within the results and can perhaps see their own words used, this lends credibility to the results. 4 Once Upon a Time: Exploring the Lived Experience of Prostitution Through Narrative. It recognises the validity of individuals’ experiences and supports them in exercising control over their own health care (Oiler, 1982). Jasper, M. (1994) Issues in phenomenology for researchers of nursing. In short, nurses should make sure they read around the different types of phenomenology and use language consistent with the approach chosen. Although it may cause the novice researcher initial embarrassment it will pay dividends later. Researchers have a responsibility to remain true to participants’ words and meanings and to represent their experiences. What about the passages which you cannot hear? It is also advisable to ensure participants have a copy of their signed consent form. Researchers may also like to offer them a summary of the results to thank them for taking part. The problem statement convinced clearly and having a ability to persuade because the study is a great under standing of interpersonal factors which are very i… • The researcher recognizes and specifies the broad philosophical assumptions of phenomenology. We may also use our experiences to guide our research questions. This use and application of phenomenology has, however, not been met with universal approval. These lived experiences are often “conscious” and directed towards an object. Researchers themselves should transcribe the interviews, thereby living with the data, familiarising themselves with and immersing themselves within it. Balls, P. (2009) Phenomenology in nursing research: methodology, interviewing and transcribing.Nursing Times; 105: 31, early online publication.. One of the first steps to becoming a researcher may be defined as the development of an ‘acute self-awareness’ of one’s own personal values, perspectives and any biases (Field and Morse, 1992). Among those problems are questions concerning how and when one … The most common method is the unstructured or semi-structured interview (Wimpenny and Gass, 2000; Colaizzi, 1978). Research-informed practice is crucial to ensure best possible decisions are made during care delivery. result, research findings generated will depend on which phenomenological approach is used. He received his BSN degree from West Coast University North Hollywood in 2013 and recently completed his DNP degree from Loma Linda University in 2019. Based on this understanding, phenomenology plays a pivotal role in the nursing profession because it values not only the individual’s experience but also the principles and modalities of their holistic healing into daily life and clinical practice. Listening to Patients: A Phenomenological Approach to Nursing Research and Practice is an in-depth, well-organized, and well-written addition to the growing number of books addressing qualitative research. Having prepared a schedule – or at least having an opening question – researchers need to consider some practicalities. Describe the components of a phenomenological study Phenomenological study entails examining a common occurrence within a specified group of people. Colaizzi, P. (1978) Psychological research as the phenomenologist views it. Some participants may have said all they wish to say in the first five minutes – so it is a good idea to have some questions or prompts as back-up to encourage conversation. Therefore, the goal of phenomenological research is not to describe a grand theory or develop a model but to describe accurately a person’s ‘lived’ experience in relation to what is being studied. Many writers agree that involving a more experienced phenomenological researcher can help in developing interviewing skills (Streubert-Speziale and Carpenter, 2003; Drauker, 1999). The two main phenomenological appr oaches evident in the nursing literatu re include descriptive (eidetic) phenomenology and interpretive (hermeneutic) phe- nomenology (Cohen & Omery , 1994). Phenomenological Research. Each interview should be transcribed as soon as practically possible after taking place. An interview area that is quiet and undisturbed is the ideal location. Moi et al. Moustakas C (1994) Phenomenological Research M ethods. I interviewed one person who, whenever she said anything significant, dropped her voice and, during transcription later on, I missed some parts of what she said. These themes will be issues that are common between several participants. Vivilaki, V & Johnson, M 2008, ‘Research philosophy and Socrates: rediscovering the birth of phenomenology’, Nurse Researcher, vol. This was done through 20 open, in-depth interviews during 2005-2006, on average Although interpretive phenomenology is often a logical choice to address the concerns of nursing, the vast number of methods of phenomenology means choosing an appropriate method can be daunting, especially for novice researchers. Data was collected using audiotaping of interviews and field notes. 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This aspect of the different approaches in nursing research: what it is and how to begin ) University! Not hear make sure phenomenology is the unstructured or semi-structured interview ( Wimpenny and Gass, 2000 Colaizzi!